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Biological Sciences

Core Courses

Special Topics

Graduate Level

BIOS E-1a Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology (13096)

Fall term

William Fixsen, PhD, Senior Lecturer on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Mondays, Wednesdays beginning Aug. 31, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: undergraduate credit $1,100.

Class meets 7:35-10:35 pm during laboratory weeks.

BIOS E-1a and BIOS E-1b provide a one-year introduction to modern biology that fulfills medical school requirements. During some weeks, students attend a laboratory instead of a lecture. BIOS E-1a focuses on the general principles of cellular biology. Topics include the structure of cells, the distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, enzymes and cellular metabolism, and the general principles of modern genetics. BIOS E-1b examines the general concepts of organismic biology. Topics include embryology and development, anatomy and physiology, and evolution. Prerequisites for BIOS E-1a: high school mathematics, chemistry, and biology; although CHEM E-1a and E-1b, or their equivalents, are not required, they are strongly recommended. Prerequisite for BIOS E-1b: BIOS E-1a, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-1b Introduction to Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (22957)

Spring term

William Fixsen, PhD, Senior Lecturer on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Mondays, Wednesdays beginning Jan. 25, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: undergraduate credit $1,100.

Class meets 7:35-10:35 pm during laboratory weeks.

BIOS E-1a and BIOS E-1b provide a one-year introduction to modern biology that fulfills medical school requirements. During some weeks, students attend a laboratory instead of a lecture. BIOS E-1a focuses on the general principles of cellular biology. Topics include the structure of cells, the distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, enzymes and cellular metabolism, and the general principles of modern genetics. BIOS E-1b examines the general concepts of organismic biology. Topics include embryology and development, anatomy and physiology, and evolution. Prerequisites for BIOS E-1a: high school mathematics, chemistry, and biology; although CHEM E-1a and E-1b, or their equivalents, are not required, they are strongly recommended. Prerequisite for BIOS E-1b: BIOS E-1a, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

Core Courses

BIOS E-10 Biochemistry (13095)

Fall term

Tara Mann, PhD, Preceptor in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Saturdays beginning Sept. 12, 9 am-noon. Optional sections for undergraduate-credit students, required sections for graduate-credit students to be arranged.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

This course provides an overview of the main aspects of biochemistry by relating molecular interactions to their effects on the organism as a whole, especially as related to human biology. The organization of macromolecules is addressed through a discussion of their hierarchical structure, and a study of their assembly into complexes responsible for specific biological processes. Topics addressing protein function include enzyme kinetics, the characterization of major metabolic pathways, and their interconnection into tightly regulated networks. Current laboratory techniques are covered in discussions of human metabolic disorders. Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. (4 credits)

BIOS E-12 Principles and Techniques of Molecular Biology (22965)

Spring term

Alain Viel, PhD, Senior Lecturer on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Tuesdays beginning Jan. 26, 7:35-9:35 pm. Required labs on five Thursdays, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: undergraduate credit $1,100, graduate credit $1,800.

Limited enrollment.

Students gain in-depth knowledge of nucleic acid structure, molecular genetics, and the biochemistry of transcription and protein synthesis. Working from this foundation, students explore mechanisms of gene regulation in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses. The roles played by gene regulation and rearrangement in retroviral pathogenesis and in embryonic development are also examined. One large project comprises three linked laboratory exercises that introduce students to important recombinant DNA and protein expression techniques. Students learn about the construction of an expression plasmid and assays for normal promoter function. Prerequisite: BIOS E-1a, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-14 Principles of Genetics (22962)

Spring term

Frederick R. Bieber, PhD, Associate Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Mondays beginning Jan. 25, 5:30-7:30 pm. Required sections for graduate-credit students Mondays, 7:35-8:35 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

This is a general course in genetics providing a broad view of gene action from the molecular to the population levels, with emphasis on eukaryotes. Topics include bacterial and viral genetics, Mendelian genetics, mutation and DNA repair, forensic DNA technology, chromosome structure and function, genomics, and population and evolutionary genetics. Prerequisites: MATH E-8, BIOS E-1a and E-1b, and CHEM E-1a and E-1b, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-16/W Cell Biology (22958)

Spring term

Teresa Venezia Bowman, PhD, Research Fellow in Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology Division, Children's Hospital Boston.

Class times: Wednesdays beginning Jan. 27, 5:30-7:30 pm. Required sections Wednesdays, 7:35-8:35 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

Writing-intensive course.

This course cultivates an understanding of eukaryotic cellular and subcellular structure, with close attention to structure/function relationships that govern cellular processes at the molecular level. We examine the differences between several eukaryotic model systems, including fission and budding yeast, slime mold, plants, and mammalian cells in culture. We further discuss the specific experimental techniques amenable to the study of cell biology in each system and how discoveries made using model organisms have influenced modern cell biology. Prerequisite: BIOS E-1a, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-18 Evolutionary Biology (13208)

Fall term

Evan Lau, PhD, Preceptor in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Tuesdays beginning Sept. 1, 7:35-9:35 pm. Optional sections to be arranged.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

How have organisms evolved in the nearly 4 billion years of history of life on Earth? How do you classify organisms that share common ancestry and determine evolutionary relationships between them? Why do some groups exhibit a gigantic range of phenotypic diversity while others do not? Why do some groups become extinct? This course looks first at the history of evolutionary thought and how the evolution of various lineages have historically been studied, and the origins and history of life, before focusing on specific mechanisms of micro- and macroevolution and their outcomes on individuals and populations, and how one species can evolve in concert with another (coevolution). We see how every facet of biology involves evolution—from genetics to developmental biology, physiology and ecology to systematics—with forces acting on the micromolecular level all the way to the organismal level. We also look at how recent advances in molecular and quantitative biology, combined with advances in geology, chemistry, and other fields, have made huge leaps forward in our understanding of humans as a species and the evolution of life on Earth and beyond. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a and E-1b, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-25 Comparative Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates (13178)

Fall term

Brooke Flammang-Lockyer, MS, Teaching Fellow in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Mondays, Wednesdays beginning Aug. 31, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: undergraduate credit $1,100, graduate credit $1,800.

Limited enrollment.

This course is an introduction to vertebrate evolution, development, and function. Structure, function, and evolutionary patterns of each major organ system are discussed. Even though this course prepares every student for further studies in biology, it is essential for students interested in the health sciences. Some lecture material is accompanied by laboratories offered six times during the semester. Prerequisite: BIOS E-1b, or the equivalent, or AP biology, or consent of the instructor. (4 credits)

BIOS E-30 Epigenetics (13410)

Fall term

Cheryl D. Vaughan, PhD, Lecturer on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Wednesdays beginning Sept. 2, 5:30-7:30 pm. Required sections for graduate-credit students Wednesdays, 7:35 to 9 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

Chromosomes are macromolecular polymers that undergo continuous alterations in structure and organization, which can influence gene expression. These physical variations can be attributed to DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling complexes, and the association of non-coding RNA molecules. Irregular patterns of inheritance that cannot be accounted for by changes in DNA sequence are often caused by epigenetic mechanisms. This course explores the role of epigenetics in biological phenomena such as imprinting, X-inactivation, cell identity, cellular reprogramming, tumorigenesis, and the onset of certain types of neurological disorders. Prerequisite: BIOS E-12, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-40 Introduction to Proteomics (13099)

Fall term

Alain Viel, PhD, Senior Lecturer on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Tuesdays beginning Sept. 1, 5:30-7:30 pm. Required sections for credit students to be arranged.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

The completion of several genome projects, including the Human Genome Project, has further fostered a systems-based approach to biology. The goal is to determine how all the genes in a genome act and how their products interact to produce a functional organism. Proteomics seeks to identify and to characterize all the proteins synthesized in a cell or a tissue. Based on this information, one can then try to understand how individual proteins or protein collectives function within an organism. The first half of the course focuses on current methodology used to analyze and identify proteins. This includes protein electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and protein database analysis. The second half of the course focuses on case studies derived from the current scientific literature. This includes comparisons between healthy and diseased tissues, new approaches to analyze metabolic pathways, and the comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in different cell types. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a, or the equivalent; BIOS E-12 recommended. (4 credits)

BIOS E-50 Neurobiology (13097)

Fall term

Shawn Murphy, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Wednesdays beginning Sept. 2, 7:35-9:35 pm. Required sections for graduate-credit students every other Wednesday, 6:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit and undergraduate credit $950, graduate credit $1,850.

Online option available. Lecture 1 video.

This course is an introduction to the organization and function of the nervous system. Topics covered include cell biology of neurons, physiology of excitable membranes and electrical signaling, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, sensory systems, motor systems, developmental neurobiology, simple circuits, and behavior. We discuss the basis of neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disease. Prerequisite: introductory biology, or permission of the instructor. (4 credits)

BIOS E-55 Developmental Biology: From Egg to Embryo, and Beyond (22959)

Spring term

Rebecca Wingert, PhD, Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Thursdays beginning Jan. 28, 5:30-7:30 pm. Optional sections for undergraduate-credit students, required sections for graduate-credit students Thursdays, 7:35-8:35 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

Medicine has been and continues to be influenced by a basic understanding of developmental biology. How does a complex, multicellular organism arise from a single cell? What is known about the mechanisms that accomplish this feat? This course aims to provide a broad, comprehensive look at embryology, focusing on both classical experiments and modern molecular and genetic techniques. We explore the basic body plan of the embryo and how organs are formed, with special emphasis on vertebrate models. The role of both embryonic and adult stem cells is also considered, as well as the phenomenon of regeneration. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a and E-1b, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-60 Immunology (23186)

Spring term

Mihaela Gadjeva, PhD, Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Thursdays beginning Jan. 28, 5:30-7:30 pm. Required sections to be arranged.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

How does the immune system work? What are the molecular and cellular components and pathways that protect an organism from infectious agents or cancer? This comprehensive course answers these questions as it explores the cells and molecules of the immune system. The topics discussed during the first half of the course cover the structure, function, and genetics of the molecules of the immune system, including antibodies, B- and T-cell receptors, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and cytokines; and processes of lymphocyte development and antigen presentation. During the second half of the course the lectures focus on how the individual components of the immune system work together to fight bacterial, fungal or viral infections. In addition, basic concepts of tumor immunity, immune system deficiencies, AIDS, and autoimmunity are examined. The course emphasizes the research and development opportunities for therapeutic intervention arising from recent advances in immunology (for example, the application of therapeutic antibodies and recombinant molecules as potential drug treatments). Upon completion of the course students have a sound understanding of the essential elements of the immune system, preparing them to engage further in this rapidly evolving field. Students may not count both BIOS E-60a/60b (previously offered) and BIOS E-60 (currently offered) toward the same degree. Prerequisites: background in biology, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology is helpful. (4 credits)

BIOS E-65c Human Anatomy and Physiology I (13387)

Fall term

Jennifer Carr, PhD, Preceptor in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Mondays beginning Aug. 31, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

This course is an introduction to human anatomy and physiology from an integrative perspective. Students learn the structure and function of the tissues, the intergumentary system, the skeletal system, the nervous system, and endocrine system from the level of the cell to the level of the organism. Labs meet during regular class hours. Students may not count both BIOS E-65a/E-65b (previously offered) and BIOS E-65c (currently offered) toward the same degree. Prerequisite: introductory biology. (4 credits)

BIOS E-65d Human Anatomy and Physiology II (23232)

Spring term

Jennifer Carr, PhD, Preceptor in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Mondays beginning Jan. 25, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

This course is a continuation of BIOS E-65c. Students learn the structure and function of muscles, the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system, the immune system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urogenital system from the level of the cell to the level of the organism. Labs meet during regular class hours. Students may not count both BIOS E-65a/65b (previously offered) and BIOS E-65d (currently offered) toward the same degree. Prerequisites: introductory biology. (4 credits)

BIOS E-70 Introduction to Epidemiology (13179)

Fall term

Karin B. Michels, PhD, ScD, Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School and Associate Professor in the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health.

Class times: Mondays beginning Aug. 31, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

How do you design a study to find out whether tofu consumption prevents heart disease? How do you decide whether to believe the latest news report on a miraculous cure for cancer? This course introduces the student to the basic principles and methods used in epidemiologic research. These include types of epidemiologic studies, choices in study design, measures of disease frequency and association, and sources of bias and error. Applications to public health and strategies for disease prevention are discussed. Prerequisites: basic quantitative skills essential; familiarity with medical terminology helpful. (4 credits)

Special Topics

BIOS E-102 Newsworthy Topics in Contemporary Life Sciences (23074)

Spring term

William J. Anderson, PhD, Lecturer on Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Thursdays beginning Jan. 28, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit and undergraduate credit $950, graduate credit $1,850.

Online option available.

Scientists constantly make groundbreaking discoveries, some of which receive attention by the press. This course, designed for non-scientists, provides the scientific background to appreciate these reports more fully. We discuss three exciting topics in the life sciences: stem cells, cancer, and infectious diseases. (4 credits)

BIOS E-108 Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases (13098)

Fall term

Lucia Pastorino, PhD, Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Thursdays beginning Sept. 3, 7:35-9:35 pm. Optional sections for undergraduate-credit students, required sections for graduate-credit students Thursdays, 6:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are becoming more and more common. Although very different from one another, these neurodegenerative diseases share common mechanisms and features that are linked or lead to neuronal death. This course focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms that are at the basis of these neurodegenerative diseases and on their impact and relevance in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a, E-12, and E-16/W. (4 credits)

BIOS E-110 The Neurobiology of Drug Addiction (23229)

Spring term

Johanna L. Gutlerner, PhD, Instructor and Curriculum Fellow in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Mondays beginning Jan. 25, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

This course introduces students to the behavioral effects of drugs and to the animal models of drug addiction. Students study the molecular, cellular, and neurocircuitry modifications elicited by different classes of drugs, including opioids, cannabinoids, psychostimulants, nicotine, and ethanol. Reading material includes primary scientific literature, popular science, and medical case studies. Prerequisites: introductory biology required; cell biology, molecular biology, or neurobiology strongly recommended. (4 credits)

BIOS E-115 Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Animals (23308)

Spring term

Arkhat Abzhanov, PhD, Assistant Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Tuesdays beginning Jan. 26, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

This course discusses how understanding mechanisms of animal developmental genetics helps to explain the scope and patterns of animal diversity. Particular emphasis is placed on major evolutionary concepts and transitions, the origin of innovations, and the contribution of evolutionary developmental biology to the current debates on evolution and human biology. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a and E-1b, or the equivalent, or permission of the instructor. (4 credits)

BIOS E-120 Woody Plants and New England Forests (23353)

Spring term

Donald H. Pfister, PhD, Asa Gray Professor of Systematic Botany, Harvard University.

Class times: Wednesdays beginning Jan. 27, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

Trees both provide a background in our landscape and play an important role in the ecosystems of the world. This course explores topics related to the growth patterns of trees, their physiology, and their identification. Basic concepts in ecosystem dynamics and forestry practices are discussed. The course provides a broad overview of factors that are important in conservation and forestry management. Prerequisite: introductory biology. (4 credits)

BIOS E-127 The Evolution of Microbes (13100)

Fall term

Christopher J. Marx, PhD, Assistant Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Wednesdays beginning Sept. 2, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

This course examines microbial evolution through an integration of lectures and discussion of primary literature. We focus on a series of broad questions, drawing upon knowledge from laboratory-based studies of experimental microcosms and comparative studies of natural populations. Additionally, students design, conduct, and analyze evolution experiments using digital organisms. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a and E-1b, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-129 The Biology of Stem Cells and the Emerging Field of Regenerative Medicine (13180)

Fall term

Rebecca Wingert, PhD, Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Tuesdays beginning Sept. 1, 5:30-7:30 pm. Optional sections for undergraduate-credit students, required sections for graduate-credit students Tuesdays, 7:35-8:35 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

What is a stem cell? What properties characterize it, and what roles do such cells provide in our bodies? Can stem cells be used to treat disease or accomplish the engineering of tissues and organs in laboratories? Many scientists hope that understanding the biology of stem cells will have profound impacts on the future of human medicine, namely that stem cells will be used to fulfill the promise and expectations of regenerative medicine, a burgeoning new field that seeks to treat numerous chronic diseases and improve the quality of human life by repairing or regenerating tissues and organs. This course examines the characteristics of stem cells across eukaryotic organisms, and discusses the molecular and genetic techniques used to study stem cells. We specifically examine the current understanding of hematopoietic, neural, mesenchymal, skin, gut, and germline stem cells in higher vertebrates. The topic of cancer stem cells is also explored. These examinations are complemented by discussions of the regenerative capabilities of other metazoans, ranging from planaria to newts and zebrafish, with the goal of comparing stem cell properties and behaviors between several species. Finally we discuss the current horizon of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies in the developing arena of regenerative medicine. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a, E-1b, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-150 The Biology of Cancer (23079)

Spring term

Sarah Wojiski, PhD, Instructor and Curriculum Fellow in Genetics, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Wednesdays beginning Jan. 27, 7:35-9:35 pm. Optional sections for undergraduate-credit students, required sections for graduate-credit students to be arranged.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

The profound impact of cancer on our society has been the driving force behind major research advances in this field. A better understanding of the basic biology of cancer and its impact on the human body has led to more effective treatments, enhanced detection methods, and the development of prevention strategies. This course provides a comprehensive overview of the biology and pathology of cancer. The first half of the course focuses on the genetic and molecular basis of cancer. We explore the role of mutations in cancer cells and how they lead to the dysregulation of essential biological properties such as programmed cell death, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The topic of cancer stem cells and their role in cancer maintenance is addressed. The second half of the course focuses on the interface of cancer and medicine. Classical treatment methods are compared with newer treatment modalities, such as targeted therapies. We also explore the challenges associated with diagnosing cancers, as well as ways to prevent cancer. The ever-expanding role of genomics and bioinformatics in areas such as tumor classification, prognosis, and treatment is discussed. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-155 Medical Microbiology (23255)

Spring term

Tara Mann, PhD, Preceptor in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Mondays beginning Jan. 25, 7:35-9:35 pm. Optional sections for undergraduate-credit students, required sections for graduate-credit students to be arranged.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

Limited enrollment.

This course aims to acquaint students with the basic principles of microbiology and the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis that underlie a wide range of infectious diseases. We discuss microorganisms that are of medical relevance to humans including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans. The course focuses on host-pathogen interactions including a survey of human immunobiology. Prerequisite: introductory biology. (4 credits)

BIOS E-162a Human Pathophysiology I (13383)

Fall term

Nancy C. Long Sieber, PhD, Lecturer on Physiology, Harvard School of Public Health.
Stephanie A. Shore, PhD, Senior Lecturer on Physiology, Harvard School of Public Health.

Class times: Mondays beginning Aug. 31, 5:30-7:30 pm. Optional sections Mondays, 7:35-8:35 pm.

Course tuition: noncredit $600, undergraduate credit $900, graduate credit $1,800.

This course focuses on the pathophysiology of the human cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems, and on how these systems are altered by various physiologic challenges. The concept of homeostasis is integrated with general disease processes such as injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and neoplasia to demonstrate ways in which perturbations in physiological regulatory mechanisms and anatomy result in pathophysiology. We particularly focus on the effects of stress and obesity on these systems, and on differences between men and women in the manifestation of diseases of these systems. Please note that Human Pathophysiology II is offered in alternate years. Prerequisites: BIOS E-65c and E-65d, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-172 Biological Perspectives on HIV and AIDS (13181)

Fall term

Robert A. Lue, PhD, Professor of the Practice of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Course tuition: noncredit and undergraduate credit $950, graduate credit $1,850.

Online only, beginning Sept. 2. Required sections to be arranged. Lecture 1 video.

Conservative estimates indicate that more than 50 million men, women, and children worldwide have been infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic. It is expected that the vast majority of these people will develop AIDS and become part of the most serious medical crisis in recorded history. This course examines the molecular biology of both the virus and the immune system that it destroys. The history of the disease is traced and compared to current theories of HIV transmission, clinical testing, and the potential for effective therapies and vaccines. The biology of the virus is related at each step to issues of public policy and human behavior. The recorded lectures are from the 2008 Extension School course. Prerequisite: BIOS E-1a, or the equivalent. (4 credits)

BIOS E-175 Imaging in Biology (23296)

January session

Lai Ding, PhD, Optical Imaging Core Manager, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School.
Daniel Tom, BA, Research Assistant, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: 5:30-8:30 pm, beginning Tuesday, January 5. Week 1: T, W, Th. Week 2: M, T, W, Th. Week 3: T, W, Th.

Course tuition: undergraduate credit $1,100, graduate credit $1,800.

Limited enrollment.

Imaging technology has played an essential role in the history of biology. From the first microscopic cell image human beings "saw" through the microscope designed by Robert Hook in the seventeenth century to today's most sophisticated single-molecule images, evolving imaging technology has enabled scientists to make amazing discoveries. This course introduces students to the concepts and applications of the most commonly used imaging techniques in biomedical research and gives them hands-on experience using the equipment and software. Techniques covered include fluorescence microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, confocoal, and multiphoton microscopy. Other imaging techniques such as MRI, AFM and NMR are also discussed briefly. (4 credits)

BIOS E-178 Molecular Analysis of Chicken Embryo Development (23317)

January session

*** BIOS E-178 has been CANCELED. ***

Graduate Level

BIOS E-200 Graduate Research Methods and Scholarly Writing in the Biological Sciences

Fall term, section 1 (13335)

William J. Anderson, PhD, Lecturer on Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Tuesdays beginning Sept. 1, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,800.

Students who do not have Harvard ID cards must purchase $100 special borrower's cards at Widener Library.

Graduate proseminar. Limited enrollment.

Fall term, section 2 (13092)

Mihaela Gadjeva, PhD, Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Wednesdays beginning Sept. 2, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,800.

Students who do not have Harvard ID cards must purchase $100 special borrower's cards at Widener Library.

Graduate proseminar. Limited enrollment.

Fall term, section 3 (13093)

*** BIOS E-200 Fall term, section 3 (13093) has been CANCELED. ***

Spring term, section 1 (22951)

James I. Kim, PhD, Instructor in Surgery, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Tuesdays beginning Jan. 26, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,800.

Students who do not have Harvard ID cards must purchase $100 special borrower's cards at Widener Library.

Graduate proseminar. Limited enrollment.

Spring term, section 2 (22950)

A. Thomas Torello, PhD, Lecturer on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Thursdays beginning Jan. 28, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,800.

Students who do not have Harvard ID cards must purchase $100 special borrower's cards at Widener Library.

Graduate proseminar. Limited enrollment.

This proseminar is designed to teach students many of the writing and analytical skills that are required to succeed in graduate-level courses in the biological sciences. Through critical reading and presentation of research articles, students learn how to form questions that can be addressed experimentally and how to write a corresponding, testable hypothesis. This course also addresses the process of experimental design and current experimental methodologies in biology. Students are given multiple opportunities to hone their writing skills on several short writing assignments and a final writing project due at the end of the semester. There are five sections, each focusing on a different topic. In the fall, section 1 explores developmental and regenerative biology, section 2 explores molecular mechanisms of immunity and inflammation, and section 3 focuses on the biology and ecology of fungi. In the spring, section 1 explores immunology, particularly immune tolerance, and section 2 focuses on stem cells and cloning. Prerequisite: satisfactory score on the test of critical reading and writing skills; molecular biology (BIOS E-12, or the equivalent) highly recommended. (4 credits)

BIOS E-202 Topics in Developmental Biology (13457)

Fall term

Arkhat Abzhanov, PhD, Assistant Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Fridays beginning Sept. 4, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,800.

Graduate seminar. Limited enrollment.

Developmental genetics is at the heart of modern biology. We are witnessing rapid advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of embryological development of complex organisms, including humans. These advances allow for a more comprehensive view of topics as disparate as evolution and medicine. This upper level course explores particular topics in classical embryology and modern developmental genetics—from the earliest steps in development to formation of body plans through organogenesis in animals, with emphasis on vertebrates and humans. We discuss recent studies that illustrate important developmental phenomena and consider their biomedical significance. Prerequisites: BIOS E-1a and E-1b, or permission of the instructor. (4 credits)

BIOS E-210 The Physiology of Sleep (13184)

Fall term

Steven A. Shea, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Class times: Mondays beginning Aug. 31, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,800.

Graduate seminar. Limited enrollment.

This seminar addresses the basis of biological rhythms, including circadian rhythms, and the technology, neurophysiology, physiology, psychology, pathology, and functions of sleep—particularly in humans. Prerequisites: introductory biology; advanced biology welcomed. (4 credits)

BIOS E-215 Protein Evolution (22964)

Spring term

Cheryl D. Vaughan, PhD, Lecturer on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Wednesdays beginning Jan. 27, 5:30-7:30 pm. Required sections every other Thursday, 7:35-9:35 pm.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,800.

The structural and functional constraints of proteins and protein interaction networks have a significant impact on how biological systems evolve. This course is divided into three segments. It begins with an examination of the principles of protein structure, protein folding, and the relationship between structure and function. The course subsequently covers evolutionary principles in the context of protein sequence and structure comparisons. Finally, there is a discussion of "protein case studies" for which molecular methods have been applied to investigate the origins of the protein in question. Prerequisites: introductory biology (BIOS E-1a and E-1b, or the equivalent), one semester of organic chemistry (CHEM E-2a, or the equivalent), and basic computer literacy. (4 credits)

BIOS E-225 Human Impacts on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems (22956)

Spring term

Robert M. Woollacott, PhD, Professor of Biology, Harvard University.

Class times: Thursdays beginning Jan. 28, 5:30-7:30 pm.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,800.

Graduate seminar. Limited enrollment.

How do anthropogenic-driven events affect the structure and function of marine communities? In this seminar, we focus on the fragility and resilience of marine systems in the face of perturbations such as habitat fragmentation, elevated sea surface temperature, introduction of alien species, non-sustainable fishing practices, and increased global tourism. Prerequisite: one year of college-level biology. (4 credits)

BIOS E-234 Principles of Human Disease: Cellular Metabolism (23029)

Spring term

Thomas Michel, PhD, MD, Daniel D. Federman, MD Professor of Medicine and Medical Education, Harvard Medical School.
Robert A. Lue, PhD, Professor of the Practice of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,850.

Online only, beginning Jan. 26.

Limited enrollment.

This advanced course covers cellular and organismal metabolism, with focus on interrelationships between key metabolic pathways and human disease states. Topics include genetic and acquired metabolic diseases and functional consequences for specific organ systems. The recorded lectures are from the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences/Harvard Medical School course Molecular and Cellular Biology 234/Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology 234. Prerequisites: Solid foundation in introductory biochemistry, genetics, and cell biology required (BIOS E-10, E-14, and E-16/W, or the equivalent); one year of organic chemistry (CHEM E-2a and E-2b, or the equivalent). (4 credits)

BIOS E-235 Principles of Human Disease: Physiology and Pharmacology (13189)

Fall term

David E. Golan, PhD, MD, Professor of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School.
Alain Viel, PhD, Senior Lecturer on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University.
Julian L. Seifter, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Course tuition: graduate credit $1,850.

Online only, beginning Sept. 10. Optional sections to be arranged. Lecture 1 video.

Limited enrollment.

This course uses lectures, critical readings, and clinical case scenarios to teach principles of human physiology, pathophysiology, and drug action. The basic mechanisms of organ function in health and disease are presented and analyzed, and strategies for designing drug-based therapeutic interventions are explored. The course is organized around seven exemplary areas of human physiology and disease mechanisms and the therapeutic strategies used to intervene in human disease pathways. The recorded lectures are from the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences/Harvard Medical School course Molecular and Cellular Biology 235/Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology 235. Prerequisite: solid foundation in biochemistry, cell biology, and physiology required (BIOS E-10, E-16/W, and E-65c, or the equivalent). BIOS E-65c may be taken concurrently. (4 credits)



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